This article describes the peculiarities of consideration of labor disputes in court and comprehensively studies their theoretical and practical value. The research has shown that violation of social and labor rights of employees in the society, especially in connection with payment of wages and labor regime, takes place during hiring or dismissal. Judicial protection of labor disputes belongs to the universal and fully guaranteed type of protection of rights and legitimate interests of citizens. At the same time, if we do not teach the peculiarities of the individual-public nature of labor relations, individual labor disputes, if there is a procedural regulation, these guarantees may be insufficient. In this regard, the purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the protection of social and labor rights and legitimate interests of employees, determining the place of protection of social and labor rights in the mechanism of legal regulation of social and labor relations. In addition, the analysis of the effectiveness of legal means of protection of violated social and labor rights at the present stage of development of labor relations can be singled out as an objective. The authors in the article touched upon ways of judicial resolution of labor disputes, analyzed the effectiveness of existing methods of restoration of violated labor rights. As a result of the study the authors conclude that it is necessary to solve some problems, which actually arise in the consideration of specific cases related to labor disputes.