The Aral Sea environmental catastrophe has created one of the world's most severe public health crises, affecting approximately 35 million people across Central Asia. Yet despite extensive documentation of the health consequences – elevated rates of respiratory diseases, cancers, anemia, and infant mortality – scholarly attention to the legal frameworks governing healthcare delivery and patient rights protection in disaster-affected communities remains limited. This article examines the legal regulation of patient rights in environmental disaster zones, using the Aral Sea region as a case study. It assesses the extent to which Uzbekistan's healthcare legislation complies with international standards established by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 14's AAAQ framework (availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality), the WHO Patient Safety Rights Charter, and the European Charter of Patients' Rights.

The analysis reveals significant gaps between international standards and domestic implementation. Uzbekistan's healthcare regulatory framework suffers from extraordinary fragmentation, with 76 laws and over 400 bylaws creating legal uncertainty. Civil law regulation of medical services remains inadequate, and the virtual absence of publicly accessible judicial practice in medical disputes indicates a profound failure of accountability mechanisms.

The article concludes with recommendations for legislative codification, institutional reform, and targeted interventions for the Aral Sea region, offering broader lessons for international health law in addressing environmental health emergencies worldwide.