The article examines the impact of the migration policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the realization of labor rights of migrant workers in modern conditions. Kazakhstan, with its strategic geographical location and developing economy, is not only a transit country, but also one of the largest centers of attraction for labor resources in Central Asia. The main flows of migrants are formed from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which is due to both socio-economic factors and interstate cooperation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The analysis focuses on the relationship between national migration policy and the actual realization of migrants' labor rights, including access to social guarantees, medical care, protection from discrimination and exploitation. Special attention is paid to the regulatory framework of Kazakhstan, the country's international obligations, as well as the practice of their implementation. It is noted that despite the steps being taken to harmonize legislation with international standards and provide labor migrants from the EAEU countries with broader access to the labor market, a number of problems remain: illegal employment, inequality in the rights of migrants from different countries, difficulties in judicial protection, and low awareness. The article identifies contradictions between the proclaimed principles of equality and the actual barriers to the realization of labor rights. The conclusion is drawn about the need to further improve Kazakhstan's migration policy aimed at ensuring effective legal and social protection of migrants, strengthening monitoring and control mechanisms, as well as expanding the country's international legal obligations through the ratification of key ILO and UN conventions.